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  <title id="t">The Z-Score Formula, Explained</title><desc id="d">The z-score formula: z equals score minus mean divided by standard deviation, with a worked example giving z = 0.875.</desc>
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  <text class="ttl" x="32" y="42">The Z-Score Formula, Explained</text>
  <text class="sub" x="32" y="64">The single equation at the heart of every curved grade</text>
  <text x="120" y="165" font-size="46" font-weight="700" fill="var(--ink)">z</text><text x="152" y="165" font-size="40" fill="var(--mut)">=</text><text x="360" y="138" text-anchor="middle" font-size="26" font-weight="700" fill="var(--br)">score − mean</text><line x1="210" y1="152" x2="510" y2="152" stroke="var(--ink)" stroke-width="2.5"/><text x="360" y="186" text-anchor="middle" font-size="24" font-weight="700" fill="var(--ac)">standard deviation</text><text class="muts" x="360" y="230" text-anchor="middle">how far your result sits above or below the class average,</text><text class="muts" x="360" y="248" text-anchor="middle">measured in standard deviations of spread</text><rect x="560" y="112" width="150" height="80" rx="12" fill="var(--cv)" stroke="var(--ln)"/><text class="muts" x="635" y="134" text-anchor="middle">example</text><text x="635" y="158" text-anchor="middle" font-size="16" font-weight="700" fill="var(--ink)">(82−75)÷8</text><text x="635" y="180" text-anchor="middle" font-size="16" font-weight="700" fill="var(--br)">z = 0.875</text>
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